Sains, Filsafat Sains dan Teknologi (Science,Philosophy of Science and Technology)

Stanford's machine learning course presented by Professor Andrew Ng and originally posted on the ml-class.org website during the fall 2011 semester
Machine Learning - complete course notes:

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Application_Example_OCR

2012-01-11T13:12:00.000+07:00

Stanford
18_Application_Example_OCR:

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Clustering

2012-01-11T12:54:00.000+07:00

Stanford
13_Clustering:

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Machine_Learning_System_Design

2012-01-11T12:48:00.000+07:00

Stanford
11_Machine_Learning_System_Design:

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Advice_for_applying_machine_learning

2012-01-11T12:46:00.000+07:00

Standford
10_Advice_for_applying_machine_learning:

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Neural_Networks_Learning

2012-01-11T12:42:00.000+07:00

Stanford
09_Neural_Networks_Learning:

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Neural_Networks_Representation

2012-01-11T12:39:00.000+07:00

Stanford
08_Neural_Networks_Representation:

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Logistic_Regression -- Stanford

2012-01-11T12:35:00.000+07:00

06_Logistic_Regression:

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Nasa's 2013 solar flare warning: how much do we need to worry? – Telegraph Blogs

2012-01-10T07:13:00.000+07:00

Solar Flare Warning
Nasa's 2013 solar flare warning: how much do we need to worry? – Telegraph Blogs:

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Machine Learning

2012-01-09T06:50:00.000+07:00

Stanford Course on Machine Learning
Machine Learning:

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Solar Cycle 24 Length and Its Consequences | Watts Up With That?

2012-01-09T06:25:00.000+07:00

Solar Cycle 24 Length and Its Consequences | Watts Up With That?:

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Lecture 1 | Machine Learning (Stanford) - YouTube

2012-01-08T07:12:00.000+07:00

Lecture 1 | Machine Learning (Stanford) - YouTube:

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The Future of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (Andrew Ng, Stanford University, STAN 2011) - YouTube

2012-01-08T06:45:00.000+07:00

The Future of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence (Andrew Ng, Stanford University, STAN 2011) - YouTube:

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The Great Global Warming Swindle [Full Film] - YouTube

2012-01-07T17:23:00.000+07:00

The Great Global Warming Swindle [Full Film] - YouTube:

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Hidden Markov Models

2012-01-06T14:31:00.000+07:00

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Neural Networks

2012-01-06T14:23:00.000+07:00

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Fuzzy Hidden Markov Models For Indonesian Speech Classification

2012-01-04T12:42:00.004+07:00

World Congress of International Fuzzy System Association and Asia Fuzzy System Society International Conference, Surabaya-Bali, 2011 Fuzzy Hidden Markov Models For Indonesian Speech Classification Intan Nurma Yulita 1), The Houw Liong 2), Adiwijaya 3)Graduate Faculty, Telkom Institute of TechnologyJalan Telekomunikasi No.1, Dayeuhkolot, Jawa Barat, Indonesia Email: intanurma@gmail.com, houwthee@yahoo.co.id, adw@ittelkom.ac.id Indonesia has a lot of tribe, so that there are a lot of dialects. Speech classification is difficult if the database uses speech signals from various people who have different characteristics because of gender and dialect. The different characteristics will influence frequency, intonation, amplitude, and period of the speech. It makes the system be trained for the various templates reference of speech signal. Therefore, this study has been developed for Indonesian speech classification. This study designs the solution of the different characteristics for Indonesian speech classification. The solution combines Fuzzy on Hidden Markov Models. The new design of fuzzy Hidden Markov Models will be proposed in this study. The models will consist of Fuzzy C-Means Clustering which will be designed to substitute the vector quantization process and a new forward and backward method to handle the membership degree of data. The result shows FHMM is better than HMM.Keywords: Fuzzy, Hidden Markov Models, Indonesian, Speech, Classification, Clustering

THE PREDICTION OF DENGUE HAEMORRAGIC FEVER (DHF) IN CIMAHI USING HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM AND FUZZY LOGIC

2012-01-04T12:33:00.001+07:00

International Conference on Informatics and Computational Intelligence, Bandung, 2011THE PREDICTION OF DENGUE HAEMORRAGIC FEVER (DHF) IN CIMAHIUSING HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM AND FUZZY LOGIC Fhira Nhita,ST 1), Prof.Thee Houw Liong 2), Shaufiah,MT 3) 1,3 Informatics Program Study in Telkom Institute of Technology 2Bandung Institute of Technology1)fhiranhita@yahoo.com, 2)houwthee@yahoo.co.id, 3)shaufiah@gmail.comAbstractThe incidence of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a national health problem in Indonesia. Every year dengue morbidity is still high. Particularly in Cimahi, one of the city in West Java province where the morbidity rate (Incidence Rate) 2005 to 2010 in the above national standard.Many factors can affect the incidence of dengue, among others, climate and living behavioral. Therefore, the development of DHF Prediction System which is associated with a climate that is expected to help provide information for the Department of Health about dengue risk prediction in the coming year, so the Health Ministry can take preventive action to reduce morbidity of DHF.The Prediction System that was built with a hybrid algorithm which Genetic Algorithms and Fuzzy Logic is able to obtain 100% testing accuracy in predicting the condition of dengue in the first 6 months in 2009 and 2010 in North Cimahi and Central Cimahi. While in South Cimahi, the prediction results obtained in the first 6 months of 2009 amounted to 100% but in 2010 a decline in accuracy. Keywords: dengue haemorrhagic fever, cimahi, genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic, prediction system AbstrakKejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan masalah nasional di bidang kesehatan. Setiap tahun angka kesakitan DBD masih tinggi. Khususnya di Cimahi, salah satu kota di provinsi Jawa Barat dimana angka kesakitan (Incidence Rate) tahun 2005 hingga 2010 di atas standar yang ditentukan Departemen Kesehatan RI. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian DBD, antara lain iklim dan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS). Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini, dibangun Sistem Prediksi demam berdarah yang dikaitkan dengan iklim, yang diharapkan bisa membantu memberikan informasi bagi Departemen Kesehatan tentang prediksi resiko DBD di tahun yang akan datang, sehingga Departemen Kesehatan dapat mengambil langkah preventif untuk mengurangi angka kesakitan DBD.Sistem Prediksi yang dibangun dengan hybrid algorithm yaitu Algoritma Genetika dan Fuzzy Logic mampu menghasilkan akurasi testing 100% dalam memprediksi kondisi DBD di 6 bulan pertama pada tahun 2009 dan 2010 di kecamatan Cimahi Utara dan Cimahi Tengah. Sedangkan pada Cimahi Selatan diperoleh hasil prediksi 6 bulan pertama di tahun 2009 sebesar 100% tetapi pada tahun 2010 terjadi penurunan akurasi.Kata kunci: demam berdarah, cimahi, algoritma genetika, logika fuzzy, system prediksi

Data Mining , IT Telkom

2012-01-04T07:15:00.000+07:00

Intan Nurma Yulita:

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Murray Gell-Mann: The Simple and the Complex (excerpt) -- A Thinking Allowed DVD w/ Jeffrey Mishlove - YouTube

2012-01-01T19:52:00.000+07:00

The Simple and the Complex
Murray Gell-Mann: The Simple and the Complex (excerpt) -- A Thinking Allowed DVD w/ Jeffrey Mishlove - YouTube:

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Richard Feynman, Murray Gell-Mann, Juval Ne'eman: Strangeness Minus Three (BBC Horizon 1964) I - YouTube

2012-01-01T18:54:00.000+07:00

Strangeness
Richard Feynman, Murray Gell-Mann, Juval Ne'eman: Strangeness Minus Three (BBC Horizon 1964) I - YouTube:

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The evolution of human languages by Murray Gell-Mann - YouTube

2012-01-01T18:27:00.000+07:00

Murray Gell-Mann
The evolution of human languages by Murray Gell-Mann - YouTube:

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Massive Solar Storm 'Could Knock Out Radio Signals' Over Next Three Days, Warn Scientists | Before It's News

2011-12-31T17:03:00.000+07:00

Massive Solar Storm 'Could Knock Out Radio Signals' Over Next Three Days, Warn Scientists | Before It's News:

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Unified Climate Theory May Confuse Cause and Effect | Watts Up With That?

2011-12-30T14:32:00.000+07:00

Unified Climate Theory May Confuse Cause and Effect | Watts Up With That?:

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Unified Theory of Climate | Watts Up With That?

2011-12-29T16:06:00.000+07:00

Unified Theory of Climate
Unified Theory of Climate | Watts Up With That?:

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Sun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2011-12-29T15:22:00.000+07:00

Sun
Sun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

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How the world might end in 2012 (or maybe later) - opinion - 28 December 2011 - New Scientist

2011-12-29T08:57:00.000+07:00

How the world might end in 2012 (or maybe later) - opinion - 28 December 2011 - New Scientist

Mathematical Physicist Edward Witten Interview - 2 of 2 - YouTube

2011-12-25T18:29:00.000+07:00

Mathematical Physicist
Mathematical Physicist Edward Witten Interview - 2 of 2 - YouTube:

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Green economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2011-12-24T06:29:00.000+07:00

Green Economy
Green economy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

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General relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2011-12-23T14:12:00.000+07:00

General Relativity
General relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

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Riemann Tensor -- from Wolfram MathWorld

2011-12-23T14:04:00.000+07:00

Riemann Tensor
Riemann Tensor -- from Wolfram MathWorld:

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Neural Network Application Projects

2011-12-23T06:28:00.000+07:00

Chris's Home Page:

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Einstein Field Equation

2011-12-21T08:32:00.002+07:00

Einstein Field Equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_field_equations

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | Lecture 6 - YouTube

2011-12-21T06:41:00.000+07:00

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | Lecture 6 - YouTube:

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Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | Lecture 3 - YouTube

2011-12-19T17:17:00.000+07:00

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | Lecture 3 - YouTube:

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Lecture 1 | Modern Physics: Special Relativity (Stanford) - YouTube

2011-12-19T06:36:00.000+07:00

Modern Physics
Lecture 1 | Modern Physics: Special Relativity (Stanford) - YouTube:

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badai matahari 2012 dan akhir dunia? - Forum Sains Indonesia

2011-12-16T15:15:00.000+07:00

Badai Matahari 2012 atau 2013 ?
badai matahari 2012 dan akhir dunia? - Forum Sains Indonesia:

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Chaos theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2011-12-16T07:18:00.000+07:00

Chaos Theory
Chaos theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

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System dynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

2011-12-16T07:13:00.000+07:00

System Dynamics
System dynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

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Gone with the wind: Why the fast jet stream winds cannot contribute much renewable energy after all

2011-12-13T06:56:00.000+07:00

Gone with the wind: Why the fast jet stream winds cannot contribute much renewable energy after all:

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John Perkins on Globalization - YouTube

2011-12-09T16:07:00.000+07:00

Globalization
John Perkins on Globalization - YouTube:

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The Inconstant Sun - NASA Science

2011-12-08T06:44:00.000+07:00

The Inconstant Sun
The Inconstant Sun - NASA Science:

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Earth’s Magnetic Pole Reversal – Don’t “Flip Out”!

2011-12-07T15:26:00.000+07:00

Earth's Magnetic Pole Reversal
Earth’s Magnetic Pole Reversal – Don’t “Flip Out”!:

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$2 trillion sunstorm coming, NASA warns

2011-12-07T06:12:00.000+07:00

Sunstorm is coming.
$2 trillion sunstorm coming, NASA warns:

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The Vega Science Trust - Richard Feynman - Science Videos

2011-12-02T06:10:00.000+07:00

The Vega Science Trust - Richard Feynman - Science Videos:

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Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence

2011-12-01T15:56:00.000+07:00

Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence:

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NASA - Earth

2011-12-01T06:43:00.000+07:00

NASA - Earth:

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Prediksi gempa bumi - Anomali Variasi Harian GPS TEC Ionosfer

2011-11-30T13:45:00.000+07:00

Prekursor Gempa Bumi
Geofisika 43 AMG: Prediksi gempa bumi - Anomali Variasi Harian GPS TEC Ionosfer:

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Data mining and artificial intelligence: Bayesian and Neural networks | Santander Meteorology Group

2011-11-29T06:41:00.000+07:00

Data Mining and Artificial Intelligence
Data mining and artificial intelligence: Bayesian and Neural networks | Santander Meteorology Group:

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resume diskusi « Soft Computing

2011-11-28T17:28:00.000+07:00

Diskusi ANFIS
resume diskusi « Soft Computing:

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NOVA (PBS) - Hunting the Edge of Space - Part 1 (2010) - YouTube

2011-11-27T06:18:00.000+07:00

NOVA (PBS) - Hunting the Edge of Space - Part 1 (2010)
NOVA (PBS) - Hunting the Edge of Space - Part 1 (2010) - YouTube: "NOVA (PBS) - Hunting the Edge of Space - Part 1 (2010)"

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Telescope Hunting the Edge of Space - The Mystery of the Milky Way - YouTube

2011-11-26T18:03:00.000+07:00

Telescope Hunting the Edge of Space - The Mystery of the Milky Way
Telescope Hunting the Edge of Space - The Mystery of the Milky Way - YouTube:

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The Limits of Reason

2011-11-24T06:42:00.000+07:00

THE LIMITS OF REASON

Ideas on complexity and randomness originally
suggested by Gottfried W. Leibniz in 1686,
combined with modern information theory,
imply that there can never be a "theory of
everything" for all of mathematics
By Gregory Chaitin

The Limits of Reason:

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Gravity - From Newton to Einstein - The Elegant Universe - YouTube

2011-11-23T15:20:00.000+07:00

Gravity - From Newton to Einstein - The Elegant Universe

Gravity - From Newton to Einstein - The Elegant Universe - YouTube: "Gravity - From Newton to Einstein - The Elegant Universe"

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Philosophy of Mathematics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

2011-11-23T12:50:00.000+07:00

Philosophy of Mathematics

Philosophy of Mathematics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy):

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Dangerous Knowledge (Philosophy, Physics, Mathematics) -BBC - YouTube

2011-11-22T16:23:00.000+07:00

Dangerous Knowledge (Philosophy, Physics, Mathematics)

Dangerous Knowledge (Philosophy, Physics, Mathematics) -BBC - YouTube:

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Discovery.Next World 1 of 6 - Future of life on Earth - YouTube

2011-11-22T15:44:00.000+07:00

Next World 1 of 6 - Future of life on Earth
Discovery.Next World 1 of 6 - Future of life on Earth - YouTube:

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Prof Anton Zeilinger speaks on quantum physics. at UCT - YouTube

2011-11-21T06:48:00.000+07:00

Quantum Physics
Prof Anton Zeilinger speaks on quantum physics. at UCT - YouTube:

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Carl Sagan - Profound Words of Wisdom - YouTube

2011-11-18T14:59:00.000+07:00

Carl Sagan - Profound Words of Wisdom

Carl Sagan - Profound Words of Wisdom - YouTube: "Carl Sagan - Profound Words of Wisdom"

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Carl Sagan - We Are One Planet - YouTube

2011-11-18T14:34:00.000+07:00

Carl Sagan - We Are One Planet
Carl Sagan - We Are One Planet - YouTube: "Carl Sagan - We Are One Planet"

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Michio Kaku about future civilization - YouTube

2011-11-18T14:15:00.000+07:00

Michio Kaku about future civilization
Michio Kaku about future civilization - YouTube:

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Michio Kaku: It May Take a Catastrophe Before People Wake Up - YouTube

2011-11-18T13:10:00.000+07:00

It May Take a Catastrophe Before People Wake Up

Michio Kaku: It May Take a Catastrophe Before People Wake Up - YouTube:

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Invisibility & Teleportation Possible! Michio Kaku Explains - YouTube

2011-11-18T06:55:00.000+07:00

Invisibility and Teleportation Possible ?

Invisibility & Teleportation Possible! Michio Kaku Explains - YouTube:

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TRMM

2011-11-17T06:49:00.000+07:00

Tropical Rainforest Measuring Mission
TRMM:

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VIVAnews - Waspada, Banjir Bandang Landa Indonesia

2011-11-17T06:45:00.000+07:00

Banjir Bandang Landa Indonesia.

VIVAnews - Waspada, Banjir Bandang Landa Indonesia:

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Waspada Musim Hujan...13 Sungai di Jakarta Tak Mampu Atasi Banjir | Republika Online

2011-11-16T14:55:00.000+07:00

Prakiraan Banjir Jakarta 2012
Waspada Musim Hujan...13 Sungai di Jakarta Tak Mampu Atasi Banjir | Republika Online:

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Global Warming ?

2011-11-16T14:42:00.001+07:00

What do Chinese scientists think about GW, AGW and the IPCC?Recent peer-reviewed study: Fang, J.Y., Zhu, J.L., Wang, S.P., Yue, C. and Shen, H.H. 2011. Global warming, human-induced carbon emissions, and their uncertainties. Science China Earth Sciences 54: 1458-1468.Conclusions on GW:"Global warming is an objective fact with great uncertainty in the magnitude of the temperature increase.""However, this still has large uncertainties in the magnitude of the global temperature rise."On AGW:"Both human activities and natural factors contribute to climate change, but it is difficult to quantify their relative contributions.""The impacts of natural and anthropogenic factors, especially the aerosols, are uncertain."On the IPCC:"The IPCC claimed that the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (including CO2) is the driving force for climate warming, but this has been questioned by the scientific community.""This conclusion (IPCC conclusion) has generated considerable controversy, and the debates have focused on the following four points: 1) it remains unclear how the human and natural factors, especially the aerosols, affect the global temperature change; 2) over the past century, the temperature change has not always been consistent with the change of CO2 concentration. For several periods, global temperatures decreased or were stable while the atmospheric CO2 concentration continuously increased; 3) there is no significant correlation between the annual increment of the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the annual anomaly of annual mean temperature; and 4) the observed significant increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentrationmay not be totally attributable to anthropogenic emissions because there are great uncertainties in the sources of CO2 concentration in atmosphere."

Antique Stars Could Help Solve Mysteries Of Early Milky Way

2011-11-16T14:33:00.000+07:00

Antique Stars Could Help Solve Mysteries Of Early Milky Way

Antique Stars Could Help Solve Mysteries Of Early Milky Way:

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Fuzzy Hidden Markov Models For Indonesian Speech Classification

2011-11-15T15:11:00.001+07:00

Fuzzy Hidden Markov Models for Indonesian Speech ClassificationManuscript ID: JC-IFSA08has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Advanced ComputationalIntelligence and Intelligent Informatics.This paper is scheduled to appear in Vol. 16 No. 3.Fuzzy Hidden Markov Models For Indonesian Speech ClassificationIntan Nurma Yulita1, The Houw Liong2, Adiwijaya3Graduate Faculty, Telkom Institute of TechnologyJalan Telekomunikasi No.1, Dayeuhkolot, Jawa Barat, Indonesia Email: intanurma@gmail.com, houwthee@yahoo.co.id, adw@ittelkom.ac.id AbstractIndonesia has a lot of tribe, so that there are a lot of dialects. Speech classification is difficult if the database uses speech signals from various people who have different characteristics because of gender and dialect. The different characteristics will influence frequency, intonation, amplitude, and period of the speech. It makes the system be trained for the various templates reference of speech signal. Therefore, this study has been developed for Indonesian speech classification. This study designs the solution of the different characteristics for Indonesian speech classification. The solution combines Fuzzy on Hidden Markov Models. The new design of fuzzy Hidden Markov Models will be proposed in this study. The models will consist of Fuzzy C-Means Clustering which will be designed to substitute the vector quantization process and a new forward and backward method to handle the membership degree of data. The result shows FHMM is better than HMM.Keywords: Fuzzy, Hidden Markov Models, Indonesian, Speech, Classification, Clustering

Definitive Proof: Majority Of Scientists Do Not Support Man Made Warming Theory

2011-11-15T07:05:00.000+07:00

Global Warming ?
Definitive Proof: Majority Of Scientists Do Not Support Man Made Warming Theory:

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CBC - Global Warming Doomsday Called Off

2011-11-15T06:49:00.000+07:00

Global Warming ?
CBC - Global Warming Doomsday Called Off:

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As Sun Storms Ramp Up, Electric Grid Braces for Impact

2011-11-14T06:13:00.000+07:00

Solar StormsWhat will happen at the peak of solar activity in 2012--2013 ?

As Sun Storms Ramp Up, Electric Grid Braces for Impact:

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Portraits of Our Sun on 11/11/11 at 11:11 UTC

2011-11-12T06:37:00.000+07:00

Portraits of Our Sun on 11/11/11

Portraits of Our Sun on 11/11/11 at 11:11 UTC:

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Indonesia Tanah Air Beta - YouTube

2011-11-09T13:37:00.000+07:00

Indonesia Tanah Air Beta

Indonesia Tanah Air Beta - YouTube:

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Cosmic ray influence on clouds | Australian Climate Madness

2011-11-04T06:19:00.000+07:00

Cosmic Rays Influence on Clouds
Another paper suggests cosmic ray influence on clouds | Australian Climate Madness:

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PEMODELAN IONOSFER LINTANG RENDAH GEOMAGNET DI ATAS WILAYAH INDONESIA DARI DATA GPS

2011-11-02T15:39:00.002+07:00

Desertasi S3, ITB, 2009ABSTRAKPEMODELAN IONOSFER LINTANG RENDAH GEOMAGNETDI ATAS WILAYAH INDONESIA DARI DATA GPSOlehBuldan MuslimNIM : 35104002Promotor : Prof. Dr. Ir. Hasanuddin Zaenal Abidin MSc.Co-Promotor : Prof. The Houw Liong Ph.D.Co-Promotor : Dr. Ir. Wedyanto Kuntjoro MSc.Penentuan total electron content (TEC) ionosfer dan pemodelan ionosfer lintang rendah geomagnet di atas wilayah Indonesia (-2,77° sampai -20,65° lintang geomagnet) diperlukan untuk koreksi ionosfer dalam penentuan posisi presisi tinggi menggunakan GPS frekuensi tunggal. Data dan model TEC juga penting untuk analisis prekursor gempa bumi di ionosfer dalam upaya memahami kopling litosfer-atmosfer-ionosfer beberapa hari sebelum gempa bumi. Dalam penelitian ini telah dikembangkan metode penentuan TEC ionosfer dari data GPS, pemodelan TEC ionosfer di atas wilayah Indonesia dan metode pemunculan prekursor gempa bumi dari data dan model TEC ionosfer. Model konseptual kopling litosfer-atmosfer-ionosfer juga telah dikembangkan dengan melibatkan pengaruh gravitasi bumi lokal yang sebelumnya belum diperhitungkan, untuk menerangkan anomali variasi diurnal TEC ionosfer beberapa hari sebelum gempa bumi. Data pengamatan sinyal Global Positioning System (GPS) frekuensi ganda dari stasiun-stasiun GPS kontinyu di Indonesia dan sekitarnya telah digunakan untuk penurunan TEC ionosfer menggunakan metode pelevelan fase. Algoritma penentuan TEC tersebut telah diimplementasikan menggunakan software matlab yang dapat digunakan untuk mengunduh data GPS melalui file transfer protocol (ftp) dan kemudian untuk penentuan TEC ionosfer. Model ionosfer lintang rendah geomagnet di atas wilayah Indonesia telah dikembangkan berdasarkan data TEC ionosfer. Secara temporal model ionosfer tersebut dapat dikelompokkan menjadi model harian yang dikembangkan dari data TEC harian dan model bulanan yang dikembangkan dari rata-rata bulanan data TEC harian. Secara spasial model TEC harian dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam model lokal yang didasarkan pada satu stasiun referensi GPS dan model regional yang didasarkan pada beberapa stasiun referensi GPS. Formulasi model TEC harian merupakan kombinasi dari fungsi polinom untuk merepresentasikan variasi spasial ionosfer dan fungsi harmonik untuk merepresentasikan variasi diurnal koefisien-koefisien polinom model spasial ionosfer. Orde dari fungsi polinom dan harmonik dioptimasi dengan meminimalkan kesalahan model terhadap data pengamatan. Dengan cara tersebut diperoleh model TEC harian lokal di atas Jawa Barat dari stasiun BAKO yang optimum adalah P(12,2,2) di mana angka pertama adalah orde fungsi harmonik untuk merepresentasikan variasi diurnal ionosfer, angka kedua adalah orde fungsi polinom merepresentasikan variasi lintang ionosfer dan angka terakhir adalah orde fungsi polinom untuk merepresentasikan variasi bujur ionosfer. Dengan cara yang sama model TEC harian regional yang diperoleh adalah P(12,7,3). Model TEC bulanan regional Indonesia dibuat menggunakan fungsi polinom untuk representasi variasi lintang ionosfer, fungsi harmonik untuk representasi variasi diurnal ionosfer dan fungsi linier untuk representasi respon ionosfer terhadap aktivitas matahari. Model TEC regional Indonesia yang telah diperoleh adalah P(6,5,0,1), di mana 6 adalah orde fungsi harmonik untuk representasi variasi diurnal ionosfer dalam kerangka waktu lokal, 5 adalah orde fungsi polinom untuk representasi variasi lintang ionosfer, 0 menunjukkan orde variasi bujur ionosfer yang berarti pada waktu lokal yang sama variasi bujur ionosfer diabaikan, dan 1 adalah orde fungsi polinom untuk representasi respon ionosfer terhadap aktivitas matahari yang berarti respon ionosfer terhadap aktivitas matahari adalah linier pada saat siklus matahari sedang naik dan turun. Model TEC bulanan regional yang telah diperoleh adalah TEC model sederhana ionosfer lintang rendah Indonesia (TEC MSILRI). TEC MSILRI yang didasarkan pada data TEC rata-rata bulanan pada jam tertentu dapat digunakan sebagai referensi nilai TEC pada hari-hari tenang untuk bulan tertentu di atas wilayah Indonesia sehingga dapat digunakan untuk koreksi ionosfer pada penentuan posisi GPS frekuensi tunggal pada hari-hari tenang dan untuk pemunculan anomali ionosfer baik yang terkait dengan badai matahari maupun prekursor gempa bumi. Data dan model TEC MISILRI dapat dikombinasikan untuk penurunan indek aktivitas ionosfer (indek S), yang dapat digunakan sebagai parameter cuaca antariksa di atas wilayah Indonesia. Indek aktivitas pasut diurnal TEC ionosfer (indek A) juga telah diturunkan dari data TEC harian. Analisis spasial anomali indek A beberapa hari sebelum gempa bumi besar menunjukkan bahwa indek A dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi prekursor gempa bumi menggunakan fungsi eksponensial, untuk prediksi besar gempa menggunakan model radius daerah persiapan gempa bumi dan perkiraan episenter gempa bumi menggunakan metode reseksi yang diadopsi dari metode penentuan posisi GPS.Penurunan TEC ionosfer beberapa hari sebelum gempa bumi besar dapat dijelaskan dengan model kopling litosfer-atmosfer-ionosfer yang disebabkan penurunan gravitasi bumi lokal yang dapat memodifikasi medan listrik dinamo daerah E melalui modifikasi amplitudo gelombang pasut diurnal atmosfer, dapat mempercepat drift vertikal atmosfer netral dan menurunkan drift difusi ionosfer. Anomali ionosfer yang disebabkan oleh anomali gravitasi bumi merupakan hipotesis alternatif. Berbagai upaya teori dan eksperimen lanjut diperlukan dalam rangka menguji hipotesis tersebut.Kata kunci: GPS, ionosfer, lintang rendah, Indonesia, model, indek ionosfer, anomali, prekursor gempa bumi.

Big Jumps in September Solar Activity

2011-10-31T10:01:00.002+07:00

Big Jumps in September ,2011 Solar Activityhttp://wattsupwiththat.com/2011/10/05/big-jumps-in-september-solar-activity-metrics/

The Unknown Unknowns of Global Warming | Watts Up With That?

2011-10-29T17:32:00.000+07:00

The unknown unknowns of global warming.

The Unknown Unknowns of Global Warming | Watts Up With That?:

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Sampah Ciliwung Terkumpul 48.650 Kilogram

2011-10-29T17:27:00.000+07:00

Sampah Ciliwung
Tempointeraktif.Com - Sampah Ciliwung Terkumpul 48.650 Kilogram :

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